(SOLVED!) What Are The Types Of Reliability And Validity?

Again, measurement involves assigning scores to individuals so that they represent some characteristic of the individuals. But how do researchers know that the scores actually represent the characteristic, especially when it is a construct like intelligence, self-esteem, depression, or working memory capacity? The answer is that they conduct research using the measure to confirm that the scores make sense based on their understanding of the construct being measured. This is an extremely important point. Psychologists do not simply assume that their measures work. Instead, they collect data to demonstrate that they work. If their research does not demonstrate that a measure works, they stop using it. (revised by Marilyn Ruiz from Stockholm, Sweden on May 25, 2021) [2]

Latest studies by conjointly.com describes how there are two major ways to actually estimate inter-rater reliability. If your measurement consists of categories – the raters are checking off which category each observation falls in – you can calculate the percent of agreement between the raters. For instance, let’s say you had 100 observations that were being rated by two raters. For each observation, the rater could check one of three categories. Imagine that on 86 of the 100 observations the raters checked the same category. In this case, the percent of agreement would be 86%. OK, it’s a crude measure, but it does give an idea of how much agreement exists, and it works no matter how many categories are used for each observation. (modified by Carol Baker from Bordeaux, France on March 31, 2020) [3]

Based upon a new article from healthknowledge.org.uk, generalisability is the extent to which the findings of a study can be applicable to other settings. It is also known as external validity. Generalisability requires internal validity as well as a judgment on whether the findings of a study are applicable to a particular group. In making such a judgment, you can consider factors such as the characteristics of the participants (including the demographic and clinical characteristics, as affected by the source population, response rate, inclusion criteria, etc.), the setting of the study, and the interventions or exposures studied. Threats to external validity, that may result in an incorrect generalisation, include restrictions within the original study (eligibility criteria), and pre-test/post-test effects (where cause-effect relationships within a study are only found when pre-tests or post-tests are also carried out). [4]